Electrical circuits

Torques Nm

The output "B" of the generator ..... 5-7

Output 'B' starter ...... 10-12

Terminal Battery ...... 4-6

To protect the electrical circuits used fuses with contacts blade type, the color of which corresponds to a current protection fuse. The fuse is determined by the presence of the wire conductor connecting contacts of the fuse. To replace a failed fuse switch off the corresponding electric chain, take a safety lock from a nest tweezers. If newly installed fuses instantly fails at pressure giving, check them protected circuit. If the safety lock protects some chains, connect them in turn to a blown fuse on the defective circuit.

Fault detection circuit

The usual electric chain consists of consumer electric current, switches, relays, motors, fuses, circuit breakers, wiring and connectors that connect the consumer to the battery and the body. To assist in troubleshooting the electrical system in the manual are circuit diagrams of the vehicle.

Before you try to define a malfunction source, study the corresponding scheme of an electric equipment for representation reception about the elements of the chain. The number of possible sources of malfunction can be reduced by checking the work of other elements included in this chain. If some elements or chains fail simultaneously, might have a defective fuse, the general for these chains or elements, or a broken connection to the body - "weight".

The reasons for failure may be weakened or oxidised sockets, breach of contact with a body, blown fuses or faulty relay. Visually check the condition of all safety locks, wires and sockets in the failed chain before to start check of other elements. Use the diagrams to determine the terminal clamps to be scanned to detect the source of the fault.

The main instruments necessary for detection of a source of malfunction, the tester or the voltmeter, control lamp 12 V, ohm meter, battery and set of wires to the probes, puncture the cap, preferably with a circuit breaker or fuse, which is used for detour of checked wires or elements.

In addition to bad wiring, the electrical system may be two main types of fault - Open circuit or short circuit.

The circuit is opened due to an open circuit of electrical equipment, as a result of current is interrupted, causing electrical disconnection element.

To check the integrity of the chain connect the device for check of schemes or voltmeter: one terminal to the negative terminal of the battery or grounded element, the other - to the contact in the circuit under test, preferably closest to the battery or fuse. Verifiable chain section must be energized from the battery, except when the connection plug to the battery does not hold a current or blown fuse (do not forget that some chains of an electric equipment join only at key turn in the ignition lock in certain position).

Include a chain, then connect the probe tester to the connection nearest to the switch on the side of the circuit under test element.

If there is a power (as evidenced by the indicator lamp or voltmeter indications), it means that in a chain site between corresponding connection and the switch no breaks.

If you find an area on which there is no tension, it means that an open circuit has occurred between this point and the previous check on which there was tension. Open circuit due to damage or weakening of the connector.

To locate the source of the short circuit, do the following.

Remove the fuse and connect the terminals of the tester or the voltmeter to the terminals of the fuse.

Turn on the circuit, but do not forget that some chains of an electric equipment join only at key turn in the ignition lock in certain position.

If there is tension in the chain (as evidenced by the indicator lamp or voltmeter indications), it means that the circuit is shorted.

If during the test voltage is not present, and the fuse continues to burn when you connect the same load - damaged load cell released.

The negative terminal of the battery is connected to "weight" -kuzovu, engine or transmission. Loose or oxidised fastening can cause component failure or malfunctioning. Do not forget that on many cars "mass" wires between some elements, such as the engine / transmission and body, that is, in those places where there is direct contact between metal elements because of soft rubber fastenings or a paint layer.

To check the reliability of grounding of an element it is necessary to disconnect the battery and connect one of the conclusions of an ohmmeter to reliably earthed element. Connect the other terminal to a wire or connection with a body that should be checked. Shown by an ohmmeter resistance should be equal to zero; if it is not zero, check the connection as follows.

If in doubt contact reliability with "mass", disassemble connection, remove dirt and clean contacts. When assembling tighten the mounting socket, pre-apply a layer of petroleum jelly or silicone grease to prevent corrosion.

Contact Connectors

Most of the compounds in the vehicle electrical system performed multicontact sockets in a plastic case. Section (halves) connectors are usually held after connecting latches, molded in the connector housing.

Sections of large jacks, for example, be installed under the dashboard, connected with a screw through the center of the connector.

In order to disconnect the connector with a clamp, a small screwdriver to press the lock (locks), then remove the desired section of the connector. Inspect the connector as the latches of connectors often imperceptible. A large number of connectors have several clips.

Connectors injection system additionally mounted staples that you need for disconnecting the press down.

Many multi-purpose connectors have lateral locking projections to be press down or lift up to disconnect the connector.

When disconnecting the connector, do not pull the connector sections in different directions over the wires - so it is possible to damage or pull out the wires from the connector pin terminals.

Electrical measurements

When checking and repair of electrical equipment necessary to measure various parameters. To obtain correct results required precision instrument.

Voltage measurement

The warning lamp. It is a lamp with a permanently connected to it by wires and connection points in the form of needles, which simply pierce the insulation of the wire under test. Clamp type "crocodile" second lamp wires connected to the uncoated metal body paint or the power unit of the car, so-called "mass". First of all, the lamp informs whether it is applied to the scanned voltage wire. As the brightness of its glow can estimate the magnitude of the voltage.

LED probe. Used to check the voltage across the electronic assemblies where it is impossible to measure the test lamp, as it consumes a relatively large current and can damage the structural components of the electronic device.

The voltmeter. Analog or digital voltmeter used to measure the voltage in almost all circuits have been due to its high internal resistance, they consume very little current and can not damage the electronic components.

To measure the voltage of the battery lead of the voltmeter with the designation "-" is connected to the negative terminal of the battery and the probe is labeled "+" - to the positive terminal.

If the voltmeter shows voltage of only 10.4 V, a short circuit in one of the cans of the battery. Measure the voltage at the battery terminals while cranking the starter engine crankshaft. If at this point the meter reads a voltage of about 6 V, so as a result of aging is significantly decreased capacity of the battery.

Measuring the voltage drop at the connection with "weight": connect the "positive" test lead of the voltmeter to the wires connected to "weight" and "negative" test lead of the voltmeter - to the uncoated metal paint body or power unit, which are connected with heavy gauge wire to the negative terminal of the battery battery. If the wire is securely connected to the "weight", the voltmeter should not show even a small voltage.

When measuring the voltage between the two specific contacts (for any control unit) sequence connecting the measuring device and the voltage is usually specified in the regulations governing such measurements.

Voltage measurement is possible to determine the condition and connection of the wire connecting the negative terminal of the battery to the body or powertrain of a vehicle. Connect the "positive" test lead of the voltmeter to the wires connected to the positive terminal of the battery and the "negative" voltmeter probe - by the end of the wire connected to the body or powertrain of a vehicle. If the voltmeter shows the full battery voltage, so the wire is OK.

Current measurement

Moving charges create an electric current, which is characterized by the force of the current, measured in amperes. The amount of current flowing in the circuit measured by an ammeter or tester included in the current mode.

To measure the current disconnect electric circuit (break), and between the disconnected wire is connected an ammeter.

In practice it looks as follows. Remove the one-contact socket from the consumer of electrical energy, and connect an ammeter between pin connector and terminal consumers.

For example, the current measurement is necessary to carry out when the suspicion that the vehicle electrical system is the "secret" of electricity consumers that night to completely discharge the battery. To determine the leakage disconnect a wire from the negative terminal of the battery and connect the ammeter between the terminal of the battery and disconnected the wire. If all blackouts ammeter shows the current that is necessary at a time to explore all the circuits. For this purpose it is necessary to turn the fuse box and remove the fuses in place of the test leads connect an ammeter. Thus, it is possible to determine in which circuit there are leakage current. By fuse table to determine which electricity consumers are connected to the electrical circuit, and in turn, check the instruments and devices.

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Semiconductors for electrical conductivity intermediate between metals and insulators. Due to the special sensitivity to various influences, and the presence of additives, their conductivity changes on the level of the conductors to the state of the dielectric. Alloying, i.e. when dosed additive to the base material electrically active impurity is added to the local region, provides a certain amount of the semiconductor conductivity.

Transistor. Two adjacent pn-junction transistor create an effect which is used in preparations intended for amplification and switching of electrical signals. The transistor passes current only when in its third electrode is energized.

Diode. Is a semiconductor device comprising a pn-junction, conducts current only in one direction.

Structural elements

Almost all electrical circuits are found structural elements that do not belong to a class of semiconductors, but without which the electrical circuit would be unworkable. The most common are the following design elements:

- Resistance or resistor, whose task is to reduce the current flowing through a certain chain;

- A capacitor - a device consisting of two electrodes separated by a dielectric. When voltage is applied the electrodes equally strong but oppositely charged and accumulate at certain times of the electric charge. The capacitor is used to smooth the voltage fluctuations and acquisitions voltage pulses. If required time delay in the switch (e.g., switch turn), the capacitor together form a flow resistance which is slowing down signal transfer time.

Electronic switches

Integrated circuit (IC). Many electronic structural elements arranged in a small package chip (IC), which has 14 or more pins and designed to perform a huge number of different functions.

Microprocessors. Their role in the technique of growing. Microprocessors are a further degree of development of chips, but they are more "intelligent." Depending on the type of electrical signal, they can perform pre-programmed processes.

EPROM. This electronic unit is designed to store, for example, the injection program and rigidly specified characteristics.

Precautions for the use of electronic instruments and devices

High voltage and temperature are very dangerous for electronic components. In order to accident or an oversight not to damage the circuit or control unit, you must observe the following precautions:

- Before disconnecting the connector, always switch off the ignition or, better yet, remove the wire from the negative battery terminal. When disconnecting the connector can be voltage pulses, which can damage the adjacent sensitive electronic devices and equipment;

- If the vehicle is carried out electric welding work, disconnect the wire from the negative battery terminal and the corresponding connectors on all electronic control units;

- If after the repair vehicle body placed in a drying chamber, the temperature of the short acting on the vehicle must not exceed 95 ?� C. If a long stay of a vehicle in a cell (but not more than two hours), the temperature should not exceed 85 ?� C. The engine can be started only after the cooling of the car.

Connecting negative terminal of the battery to "weight"

On the "plus" power supply wires are connected consumers with a "minus" - through the body of the car ("weight"). The power supply to the electric consumer in the vehicle takes place through the wire, which anyway, directly or through a more complex circuit is connected to the positive terminal of the battery. The reverse current flow provides electrically conductive metal body parts or engine ("mass"). This method reduces the number of cables and simplify installation. However, in many cases the short wires are used for feeding back current, namely in the case when the user is not located directly on the body or metal parts of the engine.

Wires

The usual electric chain consists of consumers of electricity, switches, relays, motors, fuses, circuit breakers, wires and sockets which connect an electric element to the battery and the body.

The main parameter is the wire cross-sectional area, which is chosen depending on the power (current consumption) of a particular consumer. To control lamp sufficient wire cross-section 0.5 mm ² And to connect the starter battery using a wire cross section of 16 ^mm2 . Thin wire used in a circuit with large currents, is heated, and it increases the voltage drop, whereby instead of the required 12 to the headlamps will move only 10 or 9.5 - the result lamps are lit dimly.